The fruit however was compacted in the fossilization process and it was not possible to determine if it had the diagnostic three pores that characterize members of the tribe Cocoseae. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division. [49][4] Indo-Atlantic type coconuts were also later spread by Arab and South Asian traders along the Indian Ocean basin, resulting in limited admixture with Pacific coconuts introduced earlier to Madagascar and the Comoros via the ancient Austronesian maritime trade network. This accompanies the palagip (prayer to the dead). [70], Given that coconuts are ideally suited for inter-island group ocean dispersal, obviously some natural distribution did take place. Coconut buttons are often used for Hawaiian aloha shirts. Mature, ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds, or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh, charcoal from the hard shell, and coir from the fibrous husk. Mature coconuts are ovoid or ellipsoid in shape, 3045 cm (1218 inches) in length and 1520 cm (68 inches) in diameter. The coconut fruit is an important economic commodity for many countries around the world. While comparable to sports drinks, which can be loaded with added sugars and flavorings, coconut water is low in calories and carbs. The Coconut Research Center describes the nut as rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals with oil comprising mainly medium-chain fatty acids. See also Can I Rub Coconut Oil On My Gums? They also include fossil fruits that have been tentatively identified as modern Cocos nucifera. Other types of large trees produce a single downward-growing tap root with a number of feeder roots growing from it. Economic Role Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the markets oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. Although archaeological remains dating back to 1000 to 500BCE also suggest that the Indo-Atlantic coconuts were also later independently cultivated by the Dravidian peoples, only Pacific coconuts show clear signs of domestication traits like dwarf habits, self-pollination, and rounded fruits. Coconut plantations can provide wildlife and habitat conservation economic buffer zones. For other uses, see, "Grated coconut" redirects here. Its versatility and value make it an important commodity that continues to play a vital role in the economic development of many countries around the world. Coconuts are high in fiber, which helps bulk up your stool and supports bowel regularity, keeping your digestive system healthy ( 6 , 17 ). While comparable to sports drinks, which can be loaded with added sugars and flavorings, coconut water is low in calories and carbs. The edible white, fleshy part of the seed (the endosperm) is known as the "coconut meat", "coconut flesh", or "coconut kernel. Every part of the palm is usable for human needs -- food, shelter and fiber. In many parts of the world, the cultivation and sale of coconuts is a major source of income, especially for those living in rural areas. China is the largest producer of watermelon, Brazil of oranges, Italy of grapes and India of bananas. C. binoriensis has been claimed by their authors to be the earliest known fossil of Cocos nucifera. It is sweet and high in nutritional value. One of their first uses of the coconut was to produce cooking oil. ~The effect will be much stronger when consumed by adding ~When mask made with milk inside coconut, color tone of skin will be opened. The Coconut Palm (Cocos Nucifera L.) is referred as The Tree of Life due to its incredible value to man and the incredible number of products and by-products that can be created from it. In the Philippines, dried half shells are also used as a music instrument in a folk dance called maglalatik. Coconut plays a significant role in the agrarian economy of India. ; Diekmann, M. It is most strikingly displayed in Madagascar, an island settled by Austronesian sailors at around 2000 to 1500 BP. "Chapter 12 Coconut". The coconut has cultural and religious significance in certain societies, particularly in the Western Pacific Austronesian cultures where it features in their mythologies, songs, and oral traditions. [14][15], The interior of the endocarp is hollow and is lined with a thin brown seed coat around 0.2mm (164in) thick. The stiff midribs of coconut leaves are used for making brooms in India, Indonesia (sapu lidi), Malaysia, the Maldives, and the Philippines (walis tingting). They have a thick fibrous husk surrounding the single-seeded nut. However, it is not native and displays a genetic bottleneck resulting from a founder effect. Use aloe vera to keep skin strong and healthy. Coconut is the fruit of the coconut palm. The boiled young seedlings of Borassus flabellifer palmyra palm are edible and its fruits are eaten raw. Production is based in Southern Asia, Central and South America, Oceania and southern Africa; Asia accounts for 84 percent. Macapuno is a coconut variety with a jelly-like coconut meat. Tannin produces negative effects on sapling growth. A hard shell encloses the embryo with its abundant endosperm, composed of both meat and liquid. HE Moore Jr, NW Uhl. Virgin coconut oil (VCO), extracted from fresh coconut kernel using the cold press method, that produces the finest and purest grade coconut oil with maximum retention of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and anti-oxidants, thus making it the mother of all oils. de Lourdes Arruzazabala, M.; Molina, V.; Ms, R.; Carbajal, D.; Marrero, D.; Gonzlez, V.; Rodrguez, E. (2007). [138] Coconut oil extracted from coconut milk or copra is also used for frying, cooking, and making margarine, among other uses.[134][139]. 3rd Floor, St Patricks Complex, Brigade Road, One of the primary economic contributions of the coconut is as a source of food. Adsule, and S.S. Kadam. Fruit farming is one of the most important and long-standing traditions in India, having been done before the beginning of time. Coconuts' versatility is sometimes noted in its naming. Freshly shredded mature coconut meat, known as "grated coconut", "shredded coconut", or "coconut flakes", is used in the extraction of coconut milk. Coconut oil has high world demand as an ingredient in cosmetics, soaps, hair oils, body oils and in food products and has surged in popularity because of its health benefits. Coconut flesh is high in fat and can be dried or eaten fresh or processed into coconut milk or coconut oil. But this is uncommon. [108] The artificial landscaping may have been the cause for lethal yellowing, a viral coconut palm disease that leads to the death of the tree. It was the world's largest producer for decades until a decline in production due to aging trees as well as typhoon devastation. According to the Just Change Trust in India, over 500 million coconut palms are cultivated in tropical regions, where coconuts are the prime source of fats and protein for more than 400 million people. [107] The annual rainy season known locally as khareef or monsoon makes coconut cultivation easy on the Arabian east coast. For for the bucking horse, see. Consumers feel that fresh-cut fruits and vegetables are the healthiest formats available for processed fruits and vegetables, which has allowed the fresh-cut category to prosper. the coconut indu stry of g reat economic imp orta nce. [49], In contrast to the Pacific coconuts, Indo-Atlantic coconuts were largely spread by Arab and Persian traders into the East African coast. [62] The two groups are genetically distinct, with the dwarf variety showing a greater degree of artificial selection for ornamental traits and for early germination and fruiting. And no coconut can float over the sea faster than a balsa raft moves with the wind behind it. [40], Carl Linnaeus first wanted to name the coconut genus Coccus from latinizing the Portuguese word coco, because he saw works of other botanists in middle of the 17th century use the name as well. Omissions? Tempurung, as the shell is called in the Malay language, can be used as a soup bowl and if fixed with a handle a ladle. The dry husk yields coir, a fibre highly resistant to salt water and used in the manufacture of ropes, mats, baskets, brushes, and brooms. (2009), assigned it to Cocos based on the size and the ridged shape of the fruit. Specimens have been collected from the sea as far north as Norway (but it is not known where they entered the water). [21][22], Whole mature coconuts (11 to 13 months from flowering) sold for export, however, typically have the husk removed to reduce weight and volume for transport. In India, the woven coconut leaves are used to build wedding marquees, especially in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. [58] They may grow but not fruit properly in areas with insufficient warmth, such as Bermuda. Hair loss is the most common cause of hair loss in men and women, and it is the most common cause of hair loss in women. Frison, E.A. The coconut sector in the past has been dominated by products, copra and coconut oil, and the international coconut trade used to be driven by the demand for . For other uses, see, "Coconut tree" redirects here. There are currently two major viewpoints on the origins of the genus Cocos, one in the Indo-Pacific, and another in South America. [101], Coconut flour has also been developed for use in baking, to combat malnutrition. In order to resolve this enigma, a 2014 study proposed that the ancestors of Cocos had likely originated on the Caribbean coast of what is now Colombia, and during the Eocene the ancestral Cocos performed a long-distance dispersal across the Atlantic Ocean to North Africa. Phylogenetic evidence supports the closest relatives of Cocos being either Syagrus or Attalea, both of which are found in South America. Do you know 80 million poor people depend directly on coconut for their livelihood in 90 countries? Perera, Champa K. Bandaranayake and Hugh C. Harries. They eventually form the edible solid endosperm (the "coconut meat" or "coconut flesh") which hardens over time. This mite infests coconut plantations, and is devastating; it can destroy up to 90% of coconut production. The day is recognized as the beginning of the joyful, colourful Holi celebrations and is seen as a symbolic triumph of good over evil. 37(9):830-5, 2004. Nevin KG. It supplies food, drink and shelter and also supplies raw material to number of industries intimately connected with domestic as well as economic life. Mature coconuts, ovoid or ellipsoid in shape, 300450 mm (1218 inches) in length and 150200 mm (68 inches) in diameter, have a thick fibrous husk surrounding the familiar single-seeded nut of commerce. It is produced as the endosperm nourishes the developing embryo. The leaves are used for thatching houses, or for decorating climbing frames and meeting rooms in Cambodia, where the plant is known as d:ng.[158]. Despite the economic importance of the palm, coconut production continued to show stagnancy in production, productivity, and trade in the recent decade (Sairam and Jayasekhar 2018). Required fields are marked *. Coconut is a crop of small and marginal farmers since 98% of about five million coconut holdings in the country are less than two hectares. Copyright 2023 Cocoanesia. Economic Role Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In Vanuatu, coconut palms for copra production are generally spaced 9m (30ft) apart, allowing a tree density of 100 to 160 per hectare (40 to 65 per acre). Based on linguistic evidence, the absence of words for coconut in the Taiwanese Austronesian languages makes it likely that the Austronesian coconut culture developed only after Austronesians started colonizing the Philippines. What are the health benefits of coconut water? Coconut The coconut has uses in jewelries, Happy Business India is leading exporters and suppliers of coconut from India to the global market with best quality which meets international standards. [178] In Maldivian folklore, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut tree. Hearts of palm are eaten in salads, sometimes called "millionaire's salad". Coconuts are grown in more than 93 countries in the world and therefore there is considerable scope to develop coir industry in further countries. and Koop Wind (Eds.). The export of spices generates foreign exchange earnings of Rs. [134][135] It can also be diluted into a beverage. It is spread by host insects, that thrive on heavy turf grasses. The various products of Coconut include tender Coconut water, copra, Coconut oil, raw HE Moore Jr, NW Uhl. . The Philippines and Indonesia lead in copra production, and throughout the South Pacific copra is one of the most important export products. Training without Reward: Traditional Training of Pig-tailed Macaques as Coconut Harvesters. [18][19] Niu vai endocarp fragments have been recovered in archaeological sites in the St. Matthias Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago. (January 27, 1967). Dried coconut flesh is called copra, and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking frying in particular as well as in soaps and cosmetics. [120] They can also be determined traditionally by tapping on the coconut fruit. [131][86] Most of the fat is saturated (89%), with lauric acid being the major fatty acid. [151][152], Coconut butter is often used to describe solidified coconut oil, but has also been adopted as an alternate name for creamed coconut, a specialty product made of coconut milk solids or pured coconut meat and oil.[117]. [37][38] In the West it was originally called nux indica, a name used by Marco Polo in 1280 while in Sumatra. In Kerala, coconut trunks are used for house construction. Saturated fats can easily filter and re-circulate molecules to facilitate absorption by liver. It is claimed that they evolved to disperse significant distances via marine currents. [101][102], Traditional areas of coconut cultivation in India are the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and, Gujarat and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. Economic welfare can be evaluated through consumer surplus and producer surplus. After the first six to nine years, the coconut palm bears fruit, producing roughly 50 fruits per tree per year, up to 300. [112] Proteins from coconut may cause food allergy, including anaphylaxis. [43], The specific name nucifera is derived from the Latin words nux (nut) and fera (bearing), for 'nut-bearing'. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is the sole species of the genus Cocos belonging to the subfamily Cocoideae which includes 27 genera and 600 species.It is a diploid with 32 chromosomes (2n=32), guma', Therefore, as well as dwarf cultivars, Slightly nutty odor, tender coconut, coconut oil and processed . The word Narali is derived from naral implying "coconut" in Marathi. The coconut industry is an important pillar of Philippine agriculture. It can be eaten as food or used as medicine. [1] The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut")[2] can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. He explained how at Guam "they eat coconuts" ("mangiano cochi") and that the natives there also "anoint the body and the hair with coconut and beniseed oil" ("ongieno el corpo et li capili co oleo de cocho et de giongioli"). [150] Its chronic consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases by raising total blood cholesterol levels through elevated blood levels of LDL cholesterol and lauric acid. ", "The Alcohol Industry of the Philippine Islands Part II: Distilled Liquors; their Consumption and Manufacture", "Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association", "The effect of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors (Systematic review)", "Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans", "Hans van Amsterdam: Coconut Cup with Cover (17.190.622ab) Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "Remembering PT-109: A carved walking stick evokes ship commander John F. Kennedy's dramatic rescue at sea", "MO63.4852 Coconut shell paperweight with PT109 rescue message", "The chemical composition and biological properties of coconut (, "Data sheet about delta-decalactone and its properties", "Defensive tool use in a coconut-carrying octopus", "Aussie scientists find coconut-carrying octopus", "A tool-wielding octopus? It kills bacteria in the mouth and reduces bad breath. It also had ceremonial importance in pre-colonial animistic religions. It noted that by using these small atolls, the species could easily island-hop. The coconut is also an important economic resource for the production of fiber and other materials. [49][18][61], The niu kafa form is the wild ancestral type, with thick husks to protect the seed, an angular, highly ridged shape to promote buoyancy during ocean dispersal, and a pointed base that allowed fruits to dig into the sand, preventing them from being washed away during germination on a new island. In the Philippines, the coconut is commonly called the "tree of life". However they are mainly present as decoration, and the Australian coconut industry is small; Australia is a net importer of coconut products. [65][64] The fact that all dwarf coconuts share three genetic markers out of thirteen (which are only present in low frequencies in tall cultivars) makes it likely that they all originate from a single domesticated population. (2009). Salunkhe, D.K., J.K. Chavan, R.N. [181], Literary evidence from the Ramayana and Sri Lankan chronicles indicates that the coconut was present in the Indian subcontinent before the 1st centuryBCE. The endocarp is around .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}4 millimetres (18 inch) thick and has three distinctive germination pores (micropyles) on the distal end. Economics of Coconut Oil; Just Change Trust; 2006; Bangalore, India. In large amounts, coconut water might cause potassium levels in the blood to become too high. Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37C (82 and 99F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 412C (3954F); they will survive brief drops to 0C (32F). Other aspects such as seed size, shape and weight, and copra thickness are also important factors in the selection of new cultivars. As part of the activities, there was a two-day conference aimed at re-educating Guyanese about the diverse benefits of the coconut fruit focusing on its economic diversification and multipurpose use, while heightening awareness and boosting the local Agro-tourism sector. Riung Wangi III No.53, Bandung, West Java, Subscribe with your email address to receive pricelist and updates. Harvesting and Yield in Lucerne Cultivation, Important Problems of Coconut Cultivation, Farming Systems & Sustainable Agriculture, Breeding of Field and Horticultural Crops agriculture information, Fundamentals to Entomology agriculture information, Production Techniques for Biological Control Agents, Practicals on Technology of Milk & Milk Products agriculture information, Economics of Natural Resources & Farm Management agriculture information.